Progress and prospect of injury prevention and control in China / 中华疾病控制杂志

After a quarter of a century of exploration and practice, injury prevention and control in China has rapidly caught up with the pace of developed countries and formed an injury control mode with Chinese characteristics: there are injury control institutions and professional teams, injury research centers in universities, injury prevention and control professional committees and six specialized committees, eight National Academic Conferences were held, a number of injury monographs and the journal of Injury Medicine were published. A second spring of injury prevention and control in China is coming by the strategic plan for Healthy China deploied at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the plan for ‘Healthy China’ released from the CPC central committee and the State Council in October 2016.

Meta-analysis on the incidence rates of child sexual abuse in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To offer basic data related to the prevention of child sexual abuse,we conducted a Meta-analysis on the national incidence rate on child sexual abuse in the country.Methods Publications between 2000 and 2013 were extracted from PubMed,Springer Link,Elsevier-SDOL,Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),Chinese Science & Technology journal database (VIP),Wanfang Databases,China master's Theses Full-text Database and China Conference Papers Full-text Database.Observational studies which containing the incidence rate of child sexual abuse were included.We used the Loney criteria to evaluate the quality of searched publications.The Meta incidence rate was estimated using the Stata software.Subgroup analysis were undertaken on gender issues.Sensitivity analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of types or qualities to the research objects.Results Fifteen papers were included in this Meta-analysis,with a sample size of 16 682.The combined incidence rate of child sexual abuse was 18.20％ (95％CI:13.74％-22.66％).For injured persons,girls had a higher incidence rate on child sexual abuse (11.22％) than boys (8.25％) in terms of contact sexual abuse,but no significant difference on gender was found in the prevalence rates of global and un-contact sexual abuse.Data from sensitivity analysis revealed that the quality or types of the objects slightly affected the incidence rate of traffic injuries.Conclusion Results of this study indicated that child sexual abuse was common and serious in China,suggesting that prevention and control programs on childhood abuse should be emphasized and promoted.

Study on the mobile phone dependence syndrome and its distribution among 2213 college students in Guangzhou / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the occurrence,distribution and risk factors of mobile phone dependence syndrome (MPDS) among college students in Guangzhou.Methods A unified questionnaire was adopted,with 2311 college students from 6 universities in Guangzhou investigated by cluster sampling.Distribution and risk factors of MPDS among different groups were analyzed by logistic regression.Results A total number of 2213 effective questionnaires was retrieved,including 1149 males and 1064 females.The average age was (21.33 ± 1.72).The incidence rate of MPDS among studied college students in Guangzhou was 23.3％ (515/2213).Regarding the distribution of personal characteristics,significant differences were found in the following aspects:grades,majors in college,being the only child of the family,monthly cost of living,personal characters and the academic performance at school (P＜0.05).Regarding the distribution of characteristics among parents,significant differences were found in the following areas:educational levels of the mother,rearing patterns of both parents,status of feeling on mother's caring (P＜0.05) etc.The main risk factors for MPDS were as follows:students majored in literature and law,with high monthly living cost,father' s autocratic and democratic patterns of rearing,mother' s autocratic and doting rearing pattern as well as personal feeling on mother's attitude of unconcern.The incidence of MPDS among those persons with uncertain characters was less than those who were extroverts.Conclusion MPDS among college students seemed to be severe in Guangzhou.No difference was found in the incidence rates of MPDS between genders.Should take interventions according to its risk factors.

Consciousness and abilities on health emergency and the roles of emergency response among public at the communities / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the consciousness of health emergency and the abilities on self- and mutual medical aids among the public at the community level, as well as the community responses on health-related emergencies and other factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Random equidistant sampling method was used to extract 617 households before choosing a family member sampled by Kish Grid method. All the members were investigated face to face on a questionnaire-"Health emergency and related ability regarding self and mutual medical aids of the residents". Data were entered into computer database by using software Epi Data 3.1 and were analyzed by SPSS 21.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 617 households under survey, 47.84% of the public had general awareness on health-related emergencies. Regarding the following items as:prevention and isolation strategies of infectious disease, on safely procedures of earthquake and fires, on prevention of food poisoning, on prevention and first aid of emerging infectious diseases etc., the rates of awareness were 65.04%, 62.92%, 43.62% and 18.79% respectively. Proportions of households which had the first aid supplies were:first aid medicine box as 56.08%; fire extinguisher as 43.60%; spare water and food as 39.40%; having facilities as ropes, whistles and smoke masks for escape were all less than 15%. Rates of awareness on the following items as: correct use of gas switch as 81.52%, knowing the location of the circuit with gear and the fire hydrant as 74.39% and 35.98% , respectively. The correct disposal rates of the residents on the following items were:electric shock and falls (89.63%), patients of infectious diseases (83.31%), gas poisoning (82.98%), suspected symptoms on infectious diseases(82.66%), explosion and burns (66.78%), scald (62.72%)and sprain (57.05%). Scores on the related abilities were as follows: emergency(7.65, out of 10 points), escape(3.55, out of 5 points), self- and mutual medical aids (10.71, out of 16 points). Proportions of having learned and applied of first aid techniques among residents on the following items were:artificial breathing, chest compressions and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were all less than 10%. Level of knowing the first aid techniques was correlated with age and culture of the residents (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both consciousness on health emergency and the abilities on self- and mutual medical aids were low among the community public, suggesting that both the government and pubic should pay more attention to the role of the abilities on self- and mutual medical aids.</p>

The relationship between secular trend of road traffic injuries and gross domestic product per capita in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between secular trend of road traffic injuries (RTI) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Statistical description was used in the data about cases, injuries, deaths, mileage mortality and 10 million population mortality from 1970 to 2009. Cluster analysis was used to classify the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China. Ecological study was used to explore the relationship between RTI and GDP per capita.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were three stages of RTI in China. It grew rapidly in 1970 - 2002 (from 1.16 to 8.52 per 10 million population), kept steady in 2003 - 2004 (from 8.08 to 8.24 per 10 million population), and decreased obviously in 2005 - 2009 (from 7.55 to 5.08 per 10 million population). The ecological study showed that the population mortality of RTI rose along with the GDP per capita's growth. When the GDP per capita reached to 14 053 yuan (equivalent to 1716 US dollar, in 2005), the mortality began to decrease obviously, the average annual decreasing rate was 10.16%(8.14% - 10.52%)in the following five years. According to the GDP per capita during the period of 1999 - 2009, the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China were divided into three categories of region. The curves of population mortality of RTI and GDP per capita in different category possessed the same ecological trend. That was the population mortality early rose and then fell along with the GDP per capita's growth. All of they started to decrease obviously in 2005. The GDP per capita among three categories of region was different (45 281 yuan, 22 243 yuan and 10 475 yuan respectively) in the same period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the early stage of economic development, the mortality of RTI increased along with the economic development. When the economic development reached a certain level, the mortality decreased along with the GDP per capita's growth.</p>

Status quo and influencing factors of disabilities caused by injury in Guangdong province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the epidemiology status and risk factors of disabilities caused by injury in Guangdong province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used to identify 1530 subjects with disabilities (among them, 415 disabilities caused by injury), in the villages or districts in the four regions of Guangzhou, Qingyuan, Zhaoqing and Huizhou in 2010. Subjects were interviewed by trained staff with self-made questionnaires about the status of the disabled, then 415 disabled caused by injury were interviewed about the process of the injury causing disability. The variables in this survey included gender, regions, rural (urban) residences, occupation, age and injury style. The difference of injury were analyzed through χ(2) test, and the influencing factors were explored through classification tree model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The top five causes of disability were road traffic injury, fall, work-related injury, medical accident, scald or burn, accounting for 32.53% (135/415), 21.45% (89/415), 12.77% (53/415), 8.43% (35/415) and 5.06% (21/415), respectively. The proportion of male was higher than female in all disabilities caused by injury (295 male, 117 female, 3 unknown). Female had higher proportion 8.55% (10/117) than male 3.05% (9/295) with the cause of scald or burn (χ(2) = 6.302, P = 0.012), the proportion of rural residents 38.89%(84/216)was also higher than urban residents 25.63% (51/199) in disabilities caused by traffic accident (χ(2) = 43.850, P < 0.001); and the proportion of rural residents 25.46%(55/216)was also higher than urban residents 8.55% (34/199) in disabilities caused by the fall (χ(2) = 8.257, P = 0.004). Different age groups and regions had different types of injury causing disability, 53.08% (69/130) traffic accident and 51.92% (27/52) work-injury mainly caused disability in 25 - 44 age group, 85.71% (30/35) medical accident and 76.20% (16/21) scald or burn mainly caused disability in 0 - 14 age group, the injury caused by the fall was 62.50% (5/8) in 65- age group. The proportions of fall in Qingyuan 29.09% (16/55) and Huizhou 28.23% (37/131) were significantly higher than that in Guangzhou 13.38% (21/157) and Zhaoqing 21.13% (15/71) (χ(2) = 11.904, P = 0.008). The proportions of work-injury in Guangzhou 19.11% (30/157) and Zhaoqing 19.72% (14/71) were significantly higher than that in Qingyuan 0.00% (0/55) and Huizhou 6.09% (8/131) (χ(2) = 22.309, P < 0.001). The proportions of disabled by scald or burn in Guangzhou 10.83% (17/157) and Qingyuan 0.00% (0/55) were significantly higher than that in Zhaoqing 1.41% (1/71) and Huizhou 2.27% (3/131) (χ(2) = 17.826, P < 0.001). Classification tree model revealed that the age group, occupation and urban-rural were major factors influencing intended harm, the highest proportion of the intended harm was in 25 - 44 age group (59.21%, 151/255).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The road traffic injury, fall, work-related injury, medical accident and scald or burn were main causes of disability in Guangdong province. Gender, age, and urban-rural factors were associated with disabilities caused by injury.</p>

Analysis on the incidence and risk factors of campus violence among college students in Guangzhou / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the incidence and risk factors of campus violence in Guangzhou.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>2200 college students in three universities in Guangzhou were selected by cluster sampling method and were interviewed with self-designed questionnaire about the incidence and risk factors of campus violence in 2010. The final analysis sample was 2103. Chi-square test was used to analyze the gender, grade and major distribution of campus violence. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of campus violence in bully and victim.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of campus violence in Guangzhou was 69.9% (1471/2103). In boys and girls the incidence of campus violence was 75.6% (830/1098) and 63.8% (641/1005) (χ(2) = 34.82, P < 0.05). The incidence of bully and victim of campus violence was 63.6%(1338/2103) and 55.3% (1163/2103). The incidence of bully and victim in boys was 70.9%(778/1098) and 60.0%(659/1098), and in girls was 55.7% (560/1005) and 50.1% (504/1005) (χ(2)(bully) = 51.93, χ(2)(victim) = 20.68, P < 0.01). The incidence of psychological violence was the highest (68.0%, 1430/2103), followed by sexual violence (34.2%, 719/2103), the incidence of physical violence was the lowest (16.5%, 348/2103). Results of logistic regression showed that boys (OR = 1.60), arts (OR = 1.82), with siblings (OR = 1.31), the living expenses was not enough (basic enough OR = 1.35, not enough OR = 1.54), playing the computer games (OR = 1.70), playing tricks such as sliding plate (OR = 2.03), loving violence program (general OR = 1.30, very like OR = 1.44), mother with gamble behavior (OR = 4.29), father's indulgent education style (OR = 1.60), been bullied by others before high school (OR = 1.61), dissatisfaction to the environment and rules of campus (nothing special feeling OR = 1.67, some dissatisfaction OR = 1.89), been treated badly by primary school teacher (one kind OR = 1.35, two kinds and above OR = 1.90)were the risk factors of bully. Boys (OR = 1.23), minority (OR = 1.71), with siblings (OR = 1.39), bad behavior and habit (OR = 1.32), the bad family economic conditions (general OR = 1.51, difficult OR = 1.88), mother with gamble behavior (OR = 2.33), father's indulgent education style (OR = 1.37), occasional physical punishment by mother (OR = 1.35), been bullied by others before high school (sometimes OR = 1.61, often OR = 1.85), high pressure during the study (a little high OR = 1.37, very high OR = 1.40), dissatisfaction to the environment and rules of campus (some dissatisfaction OR = 1.56, completely dissatisfaction OR = 2.04), been treated badly by primary school teacher (one kind OR = 1.70, two kinds and above OR = 2.04)were the risk factors of being victim.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The campus violence in Guangzhou is serious, especially the psychological violence and sexual violence. And the risk factors of campus violence in bully and victim are multifold.</p>

Survey on the development regarding institution and professional contingence of injury prevention and strategy in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the development on infrastructure and professional contingence related to injury prevention and control, in China. Methods 38 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)were investigated by using a self designed questionnaire and data was analyzed descriptively. Results At present, all the CDCs at provincial and city level had not set up a specific department related to injury prevention and control, except for Shanghai and Guangxi CDCs.The proportions of full-time and part-time staff in all of the investigated CDCs were 37.30% and 62.70% respectively. From 2005 to 2008, the proportions of CDC which had made funds more than 500 000 Yuan available on injury prevention and control were: 27.78% in the eastern areas, 28.58% in central and 7.69% in the western areas of China. There were 76.92% of the CDCs in the western areas of China that the invested funding was less than 100 000 Yuan in the past years. Most of the routine work that had been carried out in those CDCs were surveillance and public education programs including collection of data and special surveys related to injuries on children, adolescents and the elderly population. 44.44%, and 28.57% of the CDCs in the eastern and central parts of the country wished to establish a Department of injury prevention and control, while 76.92% of the CDCs in the western part expressed their strong request for professional training on injury. Conclusion China remained underdeveloped in the development of institutional and professional team working on injuries which called for, setting up related programs to suit the local needs. In accordance with the working condition, the progress that had been made and the objective demand on institutional and professional contingence of the problems in different areas,both short and medium terms on the issue,need to be put forward to develop both institutional and professional programs on injuries in the eastern, central, and western areas of China.

Analysis on the mental disorders in the elderly after falling and its influencing factors / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the prevalence and its influencing factors on mental disorders in older people after falling in a community from Guangzhou city. Methods 184 people over 60years of age had ever fallen within the past year in a community, were investigated by structured interview survey on their mental disorders in Guangzhou, with the impact of event scale(IES)and fear fall scale(FFS). Another 56 people over the age of 60 had never fallen at the same time were selected as controls. Data was analyzed by classification tree and logistic regression analysis.Results IES score showed that there were 8.2% older people suffering from PTSD after falling (average score 16.07 ± 9.52). People who were at older age, with either bad eyesight or hearing,having had injury or decreased activity had higher scores. Results from classification tree analysis showed that decreased activity and helped by others after falling were risk factors of PTSD while not having decreased activity was protective factor. FFS score showed that 58.2% of the older people suffering from FFS after falling(average score 22.29± 10.25), people who were at older age, having had bad eyesight or hearing, not living with spouse or children etc. had higher scores while Classification Tree Analysis showed that factors as decreased activity or older than 80 years of age were at risk of FFS. People who did not have decreased activity or their IES score was nine or lower were protective factors. Data from thc logistic regression analysis showed that raised by others after falling(OR=6.20,95%CI: 1.32-29.12)were risk factors of PTSD while older age(OR=4.62,95%CI:1.80-11.83; OR = 4.06,95%CI: 1.39-11.87), injury(OR= 6.26,95%CI: 2.60-15.09), higher IES score (OR=8.75,95%CI: 3.53-21.70; OR= 11.98,95%CI: 3.88-37.02)and decreased activity(OR=5.26,95%CI: 2.29-12.06)were risk factors of FFS. Conclusion There had been a high incidence of mental disorders after falling among the elderly. Older age and decreased activity were the risk factors in this study.

Epidemiological study on disability caused by injury in the Chinese population / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To describe and analyze the prevalence and epidemiological features of people with disability caused by injury in the Chinese population, and to provide scientific basis for developing the prevention and control programs on injuries. Methods Statistics and infervention measures were used to analyze the data from the Second China National Sample Survey on injury-caused Disability. Cluster analysis was used to analyze the differences in regions. Results The overall prevalence of disability caused by injury was 99.68/10 000 which occupied 15.59% of all the disability, with multiple disability excluded. Physical disability and hearing disability accounted for 65.59% and 23.35% of all the injury-caused disability respectively, while those ranked Grade Ⅳ and Ⅲ making up the majority(55.14% and 25.83%)of the disability, respectively. There were significant differences in the distribution of injury-caused disability among different age groups(x2= 23 106.14,P＜0.001)and gender(x2=2161.74, P＜0.001). Ageing and being males having a higher risk on injury- caused disability. Five clusters were identified by cluster analysis, in which injury-caused disability were severe in the fifth(Sichuan province)and the fourth clusters(Hunan, Chongqing,Guizhou, Ningxia province). Conclusion Problems discovered by injury-caused disability in the Chinese population should not be ignored. Both physical and hearing disabilities appeared to be the two main types of disability while age, gender and region were related to injury-caused disability.Targeted strategies should be developed to decrease the injury-caused disability in China.

Study on the secular trend of road traffic injuries and its influencing factors in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and summarize the secular trend and influencing factors of road traffic injuries(RTI) in China, so as to provide evidence for the management of traffic safety.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Indexes as fatalities per 10,000 vehicles, fatalities per 100,000 population, fatalities per 10,000 kilometers, motorization(number of vehicles per 1000 population) and mortal coefficient were used. Clustering analysis and ranking correlation were used to analyze the relative factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of casualties of RTI had doubled every decade before the year of 2000. One hundred thousand people were killed in RTI every year since 2000. Facts as: Gross National Product(GNP) of China exceeded 1000 USD in 2002, number of motor vehicles reached 1.3 million in 2005, had both influenced the rates of road traffic fatality, mileage fatality and mortal coefficient which causing them to drop since 2002. In China, RTI happened in the underdeveloped districts in the western part of the country including Tibet, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and in some coastal areas as Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces. Men seemed to be more at risk than women in RTI, and accounted for three-quarters of the victims. Majority of fatalities happened in 21-50 year olds and the fatalities among those over 65 year olds had risen every year. The vulnerable populations in road-user category were pedestrians, passengers, motorcyclists and bicyclists. Under most situations, drivers were responsible for RTI and over half of them were professionals. Bad behaviors were the major causes of RTI, including exceeding the speed limit, handle misfeasance, breaking traffic rules and regulation, having taken alcohol or driving with fatigue etc. Exceeding the speed limit was the most risky factor which causing 75% of the RTI and the traffic deaths increased between 2002 to 2004. A positive correlation was discovered between population fatality rate and the factors as the number of vehicles, volume of road haulage, volume of passengers and the degree of highway etc. with correlation coefficients as r1 = 0.986, r2 = 0.986, r3 = 0.987, r4 = 0.985, P = 0.001, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Since 1951, the population fatality rate of RTI had been going up continuously until it began to fall in 2003.</p>

Pattern of road traffic injuries in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the pattern of road traffic injuries (RTI) in China and to furnish evidence to formulate strategy and measures to improve RTI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the data from the National Statistical Office, Ministry of Communications and the Traffic Administration bureau, factors as the time trends, features and risk factors of RTI were analysed for all provinces in China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Over the past 51 years, RTI have increased more than 100-fold. The fatality rate of RTI was up to 8.51 per 100 000 population in 2001, almost doubled for the past ten years. In the past decade, the deaths of RTI always held in the front fifth rank in Guangdong, Shandong and Zhejiang. Calculating mortal coefficient (MC) to evaluate the severity of RTI, Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia and Gansu stood the worst. The 26 - 45 years age-group represented the majority of all fatalities and overall casualties, and the age-group over 65-year olds having an increased trend in China. The main risk factors of RTI were road quality, motorization, volume of traffic transportation, maldriving and the behaviors of pedestrians.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The main means to reduce RTI would include: improving road traffic environment, setting road safety rules and securing compliance, changing perception, understanding and practice traffic safety.</p>

Microscopic identification of homonym drugs of "Baitouweng" by digital imaging technique / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To identify the commercial drugs collected from 11 different areas with name of "Baitouweng", in order to understand the homonym status of Baitouweng in markets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on macroscopic identification, we further studied the microscopic structures of the collected samples by digital imaging technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine species belong to 4 different families have been found out from the commercial drugs of "Baitouweng". There are the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia with name "Baitouweng"), P. cernua (Thunb.) Bercht et Opiz, P. turczaninovii Kryl. et Serg., P. dahurica (Fisch.) Spreng., Anemone tomentosa (Maxim.) Pei, Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. and the herbs of Potentilla chinensis Ser., Po. discolor Beg. and Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam..</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The original plants of the crude drug "Baitouweng" were still promiscuous in the market because there are different medicinal usages in different areas resulting in the phenomenon of homonym for Baitouweng. Otherwise, the digital photographs offered by the paper visually reflected the main microscopic characteristics of the commercial "Baitouweng", can be used for the identification of the above drugs.</p>

Analysis on the epidemiological features and risk factors of hospital workplace violence in Guangzhou / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the epidemiological features and relevant risk factors of hospital workplace violence.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study using logistic regression on hospital staff was carried out. Based on WHO's last definition for workplace violence from "new research showing workplace violence threatening health services" issued on May 10th, 2002.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 4062 staff members investigated, 2619 had been subjected to workplace violence in the last 12 months preceding the survey, with a rate of 64.48% which was accounted for 49.12% of psychological and 15.36% of physical violence respectively. Male staff were more vulnerable to physical violence against female. Those victims aged 30 - 39 years were at greatest risk. Doctors and nurses were leading victims of workplace violence. Most of workplace violence happened during day shift, in the ward. The main risk factors contributing to workplace violence would include: unreasonable demand from patients or their relatives, late recovery as expected, and expensive cost. Patients' relatives often took the leading role as perpetrators and followed by patients themselves.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Magnitude of hospital workplace violence in hospitals in Guangzhou asked for comprehensive measures to improve staff-patient relationship for the prevention and control of violence.</p>

Study on the application of artificial neural network in analysing the risk factors of diabetes mellitus / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the use of neural network in determining the risk factors of diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With back-propagation neural network (BP network) as fitting model based upon data gathered from an epidemiological survey on diabetes mellitus and under the network structure of 22-6-1, the mean impact value (MIV) for each input variables and sequencing the factors according to their absolute MIVs were calculated. The results from BP network with multiple logistic regression analysis and log-linear model for united actions between factors were compared with optimizing Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By BP network analysis, the sequence of importance for the risk factors of diabetes mellitus became: faster pulse, diabetes mellitus family history, living longer in the investigated area, with medical record of nephropathy, having higher ratio for waist-to-hip, being male, with medical records of diseases as hyperlipoproteinmia, coronary heart disease, hypertension, high diastolic pressure, higher income, do no drink alcohol, age, higher systolic pressure, less educated, body mass index, with medical records of other diseases, physical exercise related to jobs smoking, occupation, with medical record for cerebrovascular disease, with medical record for liver disease etc. However, only 7 factors were statistically significant in multiple logistic regression analysis. The sequence of their importance appeared as: pulse, diabetes mellitus family history, the medical record of nephropathy, waist-to-hip ratio, the medical record of hypertension, work-place related exercise and age. The sequences of importance were almost the same between the two while the difference could partly be explained by the interaction among risk factors through log-linear model.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Neural network could be used to analyze the risk factors of diseases and could assimilate more complicated relationships (main effects and interactions) between inputs and outputs, better than using the traditional methods.</p>

Effects of surveillance system and preventive measures on the control of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a university in Guangdong Province of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the influence of the surveillance system and preventive measurements on the control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a university in Guangdong Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A university with more than thirty thousand undergraduates, staff and their relatives was retrospectively studied, from which information regarding the status of epidemic, organization of leadership, disease control strategies and measures were collected and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The construction of the surveillance system in such a model as "individual-dormitory/home-class/unite-faculty and institute-university" largely contributed to the achievement of the goals of low incidence, no secondary, no epidemic, and no death. A series of control measures benefited the early diagnosis, effective isolation, prevention, and treatment of SARS control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SARS could be effectively controlled in university only if strict surveillance system is built up, and all-round preventions, including early isolation of both confirmed or suspected cases and close contacted persons, are carried out.</p>

Prevalence of workplace violence in staff of two hospitals in Guangzhou / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand prevalence of workplace violence in hospital and to analyse its relevant causes to lay a basis for maintaining normal working order in hospital.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A study was conducted to look into workplace violence situation in health care workers in two large hospitals of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province during October 2001 to October 2002. Workplace violence was defined as any events occurred in hospital staff, who suffered psychological or/and physical violence during the past 12 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, 678 of 1 043 hospital staff (65%) investigated had such experience during the past year, mainly psychological violence. Medical doctors were more vulnerable than nurses, with prevalence of 70.3% and 67.7% for medical doctors and nurses, respectively. Prevalence was the highest in those aged 30 - 39 years with 11 - 20 years of employment. Man staff were more vulnerable to physical violence than women, with prevalence of 11.7% and 5.3%, respectively. No significant difference in psychological or sexual violence between man and woman staff was found. Frequently, nurses and nurse aides were victims of sexual violence. Usually, troublemakers were patients relatives or patients themselves, accounting for 64.2% and 50.0% of the total events, respectively. Main causes for workplace violence in hospital included unreasonable requirement from patients or their relatives which was not met, or not-so-quick recovery as they desired.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Workplace violence occurred in hospital staff was prevalent in Guangzhou, which should be attached more importance. Comprehensive intervention measures should be adopted focusing on law reinforcement and education, to maintain normal working order in hospital.</p>

Studies on direct and indirect economic burden of disease and related factor in countryside of Qingdao city in 2001 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the condition of economic burden of disease in the countryside and to explore the related factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human capital method and two-step method were used in the calculation of economic burden of disease.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total economic burden of disease among 3359 persons was 3072 225 Yuan. Noncommunicable conditions were accounted for 62.95%, while communicable disease, maternal and perinatal conditions accounted for 24.25%, and injury accounted for 9.83% respectively. The direct economic burden of disease was 1,559,619 Yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease was 1,472,606 Yuan. The economic burden of disease for each person was 914 Yuan. The equal burden of disease among patients with disability and without disability were 3070 Yuan and 680 Yuan respectively (P < 0.001). There was significant difference among different age groups. The influencing factors were found to include having noncommunicable disease, age, disability and the condition of marriage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Corresponding policy to cope with conditions of different age groups needs to be developed to reduce the economic burden of disease in the countryside.</p>